In the shadow of Ethiopias Mount Gish, the spring water that forms the Blue Nile is believed to have healing powers, but Ethiopians say that is the only benefit they get from the mighty river.
These waters are sacred, they perform miracles for the sick", Berhanu Melak, an elderly farmer, asserted as he filled a metal trough with water for the throngs of white-cloaked men and women who had been queuing since the early hours in the town of Gish Abay 400 kilometers north of Addis Ababa.
The sparkling stream in Gish Abay spills first into Lake Tana, then makes its way towards Sudan as the Blue Nile. There, at Khartoum, the river joins the White Nile before flowing into Egypt and eventually draining into the Mediterranean, spanning in all nearly 6,000 kilometers.
"But look around you, there is nothing here. The big river doesn't feed us," Berhanu says, his voice almost drowned out by the nearby bathers.
It is a sentiment that has echoed for centuries in Ethiopia: while the land where the Nile originates is constantly ravaged by drought, downstream countries get the full benefit of its water.
In the Amhara region where 85 percent of the Nile's flow stems from, some 850,000 people are dependent on food aid, according to the UN.
Crops only grow there when it rains in sharp contrast to the situation downstream in Egypt, where vast commercial farms and even lush golf courses flank the river.
In an attempt to change this state of affairs, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, all upstream and poorer countries, signed a new pact this year which they say will ensure equitable use.
Under the treaty, Addis Ababa intends to tap its water resources to build dams and export power to neighboring countries, while also setting up irrigation projects to curb famine.
But Egypt and Sudan, both almost completely dependent on the Nile, say upstream projects would drastically reduce the river's flow and have refused to give up a drop of water.
"They have said the issue is a matter of their national security... the same goes for us," Ethiopia's Water Resources Minister Asfaw Dingamo said.
"For a long time we have applied for loans in order to be able to use our resources, only to be turned down because of Egyptian and Sudanese objections," he complained.
Ethiopia has now decided to self-fund its projects, claiming they will not harm the interests of other countries.
"Our stretch of the Nile has the potential to generate 10,000 megawatts and 1.1 million hectares for irrigation. Our current usage on power is only 0.45 percent of the Nile's flow," said Fekahmed Negash, an expert at the ministry.
"Even if we were able to develop all that land, we would be using only 10 percent of the flow. Our plan at the moment is six percent in 50 years' time".
"I don't think the downstream [countries] are justified. A legal framework... is usually what any downstream riparian in a trans-boundary basin would dream about," according to Ana Cascao, project manager at the Stockholm International Water Institute.
"The downstream riparians do not have this perception because they already have bilateral legal agreements that allocate the Nile's waters," she added.
At the heart of the dispute is a 1929 agreement between Cairo and Britain which dominated Egypt and the Sudan at the time which gave Egypt veto power over upstream projects.
Another agreement between Egypt and Sudan in 1959 allowed Egypt 55.5 billion cubic meters of water each year 87 percent of the Nile's flow and Sudan 18.5 billion cubic meters.
Cairo's inflexibility, coupled with past attempted invasions to take control of the source, rankles with locals in Ethiopia.
"They [Egypt] have always been our enemies. They do a lot of things to harm my country," said Frew Terefe, a 20-year old university student from Gish Abay.
"If Egypt were to plan to stop Ethiopia from using Nile waters, it would have to occupy Ethiopia and no country on earth has done that in the past," Prime Minister Meles Zenawi told reporters a few years ago.
Experts nowadays prefer to highlight the mutual benefit the new treaty can ensure.
"The ideal scenario is one whereby the Nile Basin will be not only a hydrological unit, but also a political and economic unit wherein, by cooperating, the countries will be able to invest and implement projects that will benefit all countries," Cascao argued.
Mekuanint Nigussie, a 22-year old student from Gish Abay, has similar views.
"There is always room for cooperation. We don't want them to starve while we build our country".
© Monday Morning 2010
