Iraqis living alongside the Shatt al-Arab waterway, the site local legend says of the Garden of Eden, face an environmental calamity because of massive dams built by neighboring Iran.
A vibrant fresh water lifeline teeming with fish has become a salty, polluted channel which is driving people away from its banks and where fishermen struggle to make a living, local residents and officials say.
At the center of the dispute is the Karoun river, which this year has been completely staunched by Iran to stop its water feeding into the Shatt al-Arab just above the Iranian oil city of Abadan, local people say.
"Iran completely cut the water from the Karoun and diverted it to the Bahman Shir", an Iranian river, explained Oun Dhiab, director of the Iraqi National Center for Hydro-Resources.
"Iranian dams had reduced the flow since 2002, but this year not a drop has reached us. This shortage of water and the increasing saltiness will cause a huge environmental crisis, and is changing the Shatt al-Arab environment".
The Shatt al-Arab, a strategic 200 kilometer-long extension of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, runs between Iraq and Iran, separating the two countries by a width of 400 to 1,500 meters before flowing into the Gulf.
The loss of the fresh torrent that the Karoun brought down from the Iranian mountains has left Iraqi fishermen working in salt-filled waters.
Their ever-shrinking catches are also being polluted by toxic emissions from Iran's Abadan refinery, its largest, on the opposite bank.
Behind the dams, the 890-kilometer Karoun has a flow of between 1,200 and 1,800 cubic meters per second, and the loss of its large volumes has had a dramatic impact on Iraqis.
"The Abadan refinery is expelling contaminated gases which have polluted the Shatt al-Arab environment and the water, as well as killing fish", said Nama Ghadhban Mansour, governor of the Seema district near Basra.
"Now we are suffering from migration because of water pollution, especially as the source of the people's living is animals and agriculture. They have started to leave their homes".
Water reaching the Shatt al-Arab from the Tigris and Euphrates has also fallen sharply, so the Karoun dispute could not have come at a worse time.
Iraq's water minister last month accused Turkey of breaking a promise to increase water flows down the Euphrates. Turkey says it does not have enough water in its reservoirs to send any more.
The lack of fresh water and the pollution has led fishermen in Southern Iraq to break long-standing rules.
"The fishing was very good a few years ago", mused Adnan Ali Kassem, a father of eight who lives in the port of Fao, home to an estimated 10,000 fishermen.
"There was no fishing during the reproduction season", he explained.
"But fishermen are not respecting the law and are now using illegal methods, such as explosions and electric shocks".
His livelihood has suffered badly.
"We were getting dozens of tons of fish per day, but now the number cannot be more than five or six tons, all because of the pollution and the increased salt level", Kassem said.
Mohsen Abdelhai, an agriculture advisor to the governor of Basra Province, blamed Iran both for stopping the Karoun's waters from reaching its mouth and for allowing the Abadan refinery to pollute the Shatt al-Arab.
"Fish are dying because of it, and it's also causing the death of large numbers of animals from blindness after drinking salt water", he said.
Asked how the problem might be solved, Abdelhai said the province had appealed to Baghdad to intervene, asking ministers to press both Turkey and Iran to increase the flow of water to Iraq.
But to fishermen such as Fakhir Abdelimam, 45, whose small boat Al-Safa -- ironically meaning "Purity" in Arabic -- the time for talk is almost over.
"It's becoming impossible to fish in the Shatt al-Arab", said Abdelimam, a short, portly married man with five children, who goes out fishing at dawn and spends three or four days at a time out on the water.
"Even the living fish we catch smell of oil. Agriculture in this area is almost finished".
Still bogged down in efforts to diversify beyond oil
Efforts to transform Iraq into a more diversified, free-market model for the Middle East are bogged down and the country still depends on a struggling oil industry six years after Saddam Hussein's overthrow.
As it hopes for stability, Iraq needs to broaden economic growth and create jobs. Yet the oil sector, rich with untapped reserves but weighed down by a legacy of sanctions, war and underinvestment, still provides virtually all revenue.
Oil Minister Hussein al-Shahristani has been trying to attract foreign oil firms to invest in developing the country's oil resources, but with only limited success.
Exports of dates, a historically important crop, provide a tiny faction of the tens of billions of dollars that oil sales bring Iraq each year, along with small amounts of unworked leather, handicrafts and materials used for fertilizer.
State calls for investment in farming and industry have gone largely unheeded and it has met resistance from members of Parliament and the public as it seeks to privatize the state-run industries that were a mainstay of Saddam Hussein's Arab socialist model.
© Monday Morning 2009
